CO1: Explain the fundamental processes of gene expression and the regulatory mechanisms in prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems.
CO2: Analyze epigenetic and post-transcriptional mechanisms involved in gene regulation, including methylation, histone modifications, and RNA interference pathways.
CO3: Describe and compare natural and artificial gene transfer methods, including physical, chemical, and biological approaches, and their application in different organisms.
CO4: Differentiate between types of mutations and mutagens, and evaluate various mutagenesis techniques, including site-directed and random mutagenesis, along with DNA repair mechanisms.
CO5: Demonstrate knowledge of vector systems such as plasmids, phages, cosmids, BACs, and YACs, and apply basic genetic engineering tools like restriction enzymes, ligases, and cloning strategies.
CO6: Construct recombinant DNA molecules using molecular cloning tools and techniques, and interpret screening and selection strategies in genetic engineering experiments.
