Course Outcomes

• Recall the general characteristics, classification, and salient features of invertebrates up to the class level with examples.
• Explain the structural features, adaptations, and functional aspects of invertebrate groups such as Porifera, Coelenterata, and others. Describe the polymorphism in Hydrozoa, types of coral reefs, and functional morphology of Hydra vulgaris.
• Analyze the anatomy and histology of the human urinary system, including kidney structure, nephron function, and diseases.
• Illustrate renal physiology processes such as glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, secretion, and micturition reflex.
• Assess the impact of urinary diseases (e.g., renal stones, renal failure, infections) and evaluate the effectiveness of treatments like dialysis.
• Examine mitosis and meiosis processes to evaluate their roles in inheritance, cellular maintenance and overall biological function.